Short story as a form, in comparison to the novel and poetry Essay Example

Short story as a form, in comparison to the novel and poetry Paper Literature is quite a wide and is always classified into two forms, that is, fictional and non-fictional literature. There are two types of techniques that are applied in literature, the prose and the poetry. Literature that is written in form of poetry will always make emphasis on rhythmic qualities of language and the aesthetics which will include sound, symbolism, meter, and phona-esthetics. On the other hand, literature that is written in prose normally applies the grammatical structure that is ordinary and uses the natural flow of speech. The classification of literature is done according to issues such as genres, historical and the political influences of life. Below are some of the forms of literature that are mostly applied in writings: Definition Short Story A short story can simply be explained as a work of literature that is brief and always written in a form of narrative prose. The feature of a short story involves cast that is small in terms of the characters and the short story normally focuses on one particular incident with an intention of bringing up a certain single effect or a particular mood. We will write a custom essay sample on Short story as a form, in comparison to the novel and poetry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Short story as a form, in comparison to the novel and poetry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Short story as a form, in comparison to the novel and poetry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Short stories when compared to the novel are much less complex since they tend to put a focus on one incident. In addition, short stories are less complex due to the fact that they have a single setting, single plot, and the number of characters involved is quite small when compared to the novels. Short stories also tend to cover a period of time that is shorter when a comparison is made between short stories and the novels. Novella On the other hand, a novella is a form of literature that features very fewer conflicts when compared to a novel and its more complicated if compared to a short story. The novella is always a bit shorter than a novel but when compared to the short story it is a bit longer. In many novellas, the ending is always located at the point where change is to take place. Novel A novel is simply a narrative prose that is longer and in many instances describes characters and events that are fictional. This description of events and characters that are fictional in a novel is done in a sequential way that helps to form a story that has sequence, hence developing a novel. In addition, the novel has got historical roots which run into antiquity, the fields of modern romance, medieval and it follows the tradition that was used in the novella. Poetry Poetry is a form of literature that simply uses features such as rhythmic style of language (Shopen, 1and aesthetics which may include sound, symbolism, meter, and phona-esthetics. These features of poetry are used to help evoke or portray various meanings in addition to or in place of just the ordinary meanings which are prosaic ostensible. Poems are in many occasions short in length when compared to short stories, novella, and novels. Comparison of a Short Story to the Novel and Poetry When a comparison is done between a short story as a form of literature and a novel, it is notable that a novel has got more characters featured to create the flow of the story while the characters used in a short story are few in number. Short stories and poetry experience a lot of limitations when it comes to the use of characters. This is due to the reason that short stories and poetry apply single plots and settings as compared to the novel which a wider range of plots and settings which help to make the story flow in a comprehensive manner. In addition, when compared to the novel, a short story only touches on a particular incident while a novel may have a wide range of events featured to help create the flow of the story. When compared to short story and a novel, poetry applies various features such as sound, symbolism, meter and phona-aesthetics which may not be applied when writing a short story or a novel. The period of coverage by a short story is quite limited and short when a comparison is made between a novel and short stories. Novels tend to cover quite a longer period of time than short stories. In addition, poetry also tends to cover a short period of time and therefore the period of coverage for both the short story and the poetry forms of literature are quite less when compared to the novels. When it comes to the issue on the length, a short story may be a bit lengthier than poetry but in many occasions, the length of a short story and poetry will be dependent on the witter of the story or the poem. Novels are written in such a way that they include features such as chapters, something which may not be found in poetry and short story. This means that, a novel is quite longer when compared to the short story and the poems. This makes the novel one of the longest genre of the narrative prose, and is followed by novella and the short story. A short story may have a short, abrupt or no ending at all, depending on the preferences of the writer of the short story. The same case may apply to poetry whereby the writer has the free will of putting an ending to the poem or simply leaving it hanging. When a novel is compared to the short story and the poetry, a significant difference is noted since, a novel in many occasions contain an ending. Although this ending will be dependent on the writer, a novel must have an ending to give a complete flow to the story. Last but not least, a short story may only contain the setup and the actual resolution of a particular situation, when compared to a novel which will involve an exploration of the characters that is quite detailed. This means that, a novel, when compared to the short story and the poetry contains a lot of details apart from having a setup and the actual resolution of a particular situation that makes up the plot of the novel. Similarities between Novel and Short Story The short stories and the novel also share some similarities even though they have various differences. Short stories are similar to novels since they fall under the same category of writing. The form of prose writing that a novel and a short story are found in is the narrative form of writing. A short story and a novel share same elements that are involved in narrative writing such as the plot, characters, the theme and they both contain a particular theme. The form of narrative structure that a novel and a short story share is similar since both of them have three phases. These three phases include a beginning, the middle or the body and finally, the end. Another similarity that is shared between a novel and the short story is the theme. For a very long time, the novel and the short story have been used to give a representation of the social problems of many people in the society, without any restrictions to a particular class of people or background. The novel and the short story both have a central theme, which in many occasions is clearly stated, and touches a wider audience of people. The theme in a novel or a short story always helps in putting across a moral message to the audience which helps to enhance the purpose of the novel or the short story. The last similarity that can be identified between a novel and short story is the inclusion of conflict. Conflict makes up a crucial part of the plot in a novel and short story, since it acts as a force that helps to create a connection between events, hence providing a reason as to why everything is happening. In turn, this helps to develop a plot in a novel or short story, since without a plot, there cannot be any story. A conflict is needed in both a novel and a short story to help create obstacles and raise actions that will help give a lead to the characters and the readers of the short story and the novel to a climax. In addition, a conflict in both the novel and the short story will bring out the turning point in the story and finally help to bring a resolution to the conflict that has helped create the plot of the novel or the shirt story. Short stories are more like poems than novels in their representation of the intensity of experience. When a comparison is done between poems and short stories, it can be realized that the short stories and the poems have a lot of similarities in terms of representation of the intensity of experience than when short stories are compared to the novel. The similarities between short stories and poems which help to portray the representation of the intensity of experience when compared to the novel are features such as the theme in a short story and a poem. Short stories are written in such a way that they describe one particular event or incident, as per the preference of the writer. This is the similar case when it comes to the writing of poems; where by a particular incident is described in a poem. This means that the representation of intensity of experience through short stories and the poems is much narrower as compared to the representation of the intensity of experience through the novel which is quite broader. The main theme of the short story is always the same from the start of the story to the end of the story. When compared to poems, the theme portrayed in a poem is also in many occasions the same throughout the poem, from the start to the beginning. A novel, when compared to the short stories and the poems, may contain quite a number of themes since the plot of the story is divided into chapters, which can be quite lengthy. Therefore, the representation of intensity of the experience is quite limited since only one theme is normally applied in short stories and poems making them similar when compared to the novel. The other way in which short stories are similar to poems than novels in the representation of the intensity of experience is the use of symbolism in short stories and poems. Symbolism is a common feature in poems and in the short stories when it comes to the representation of the intensity of experience. This is not the case when it comes to the representation of the intensity of experience in a novel. Short stories are in many instances not lengthy when compared to the novel. This means that, in a short story very limited details will be written, the same thing applying to poems. The focus of a short story and a poem are always on one particular issue. This does not allow any expanded representation of the intensity of experience, unlike in a novel where a wide representation of the intensity of experience can be given. When a comparison is done between poems and the short stories, it is to be noted that in both the genres of literature, there is the beginning, the middle or the body and finally, the end of the short story or the poem. The beginning, body and the end of a poem and a short story are not as expounded compared to the beginning, body and end of a novel. This means that both a short story and a poem are similar in the sense that they give a lesser representation of the intensity of experience compared to the representation in a novel. There are some stories which can be used to show that short stories are more like poems than novels in their representation of the intensity of experience. These short stories that have been chosen include, The Overcoat written by Gogol, Bartleby by Melville, Hunters in the Snow by Wolff, and The Lady with the Toy Dog by Checkhov. The Overcoat, by Gogol, is a short story that portrays a civil servant who is denied justice after humiliation and the character ends up dying because of an overcoat (Illà ¡n, 334). Later on the, the dead character returns as a ghost to haunt those who had contributed to the killing and its suffering by stealing their coats (Pursglove, 1165). In this story, social realism is the main theme that is portrayed throughout, giving people an insight in to the real issues of life depending on the social class of people (Tomlinson, 3). In a short story and a poem, there is always a theme that is portrayed although its expansion is limited since the length of a poem and a short story are quite short compared to a novel. The overcoat story simply revolves around an overcoat (Stein, 1) and does not expand into any other theme hence portraying a lesser representation of the intensity of experience as compared to representation in a novel. Bartleby, written by Melville, is another short story that revolves around Bartleby who is employed as a copyist or a scrivener (Melville, 2). The character Bartleby brings out the theme of silence throughout his work. This due to the reason that he does not give any more answers to anything except using the expression he would prefer not to whenever asked to attend to an issue (Vila-Matas, Enrique, Jonathan, 5). The theme of silence is the main repeated theme throughout the story which is quite similar when compared to poems where same theme is applied throughout a poem (McCall, 155). The representation of the intensity of experience is quite minimal in this story when compared to a representation that could have been obtained in a novel. â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† is another story that can be used to examine the representation of the intensity of experience within a story (Oates, 671). This story involves three guys who go hunting but in the process fail to accomplish their mission since one of them gets to injure the other (Huff, 2). The theme of relationship and trust between people is mainly portrayed in this story since the three partners must trust one another and have a common bond of friendship hence forming a strong relationship that will enable them to survive in their hunting escapade (Callison, 1). Poems and short stories in many instances are similar since they have a lesser representation of the intensity of experience due to their length and the theme applied, which has to concentrate on one particular incident. The final story that can be used to examine the representation of the intensity of experience in a short story and a poem when compared to a novel is The Lady with the Toy Dog (Chekhov, 1). This is a short story about a lady who meets a man on their vacation but end up falling for each other. This makes the lady to cheat on her husband whom she had left behind, hence portraying a picture of infidelity (Chekhov, Anton, Max Bollinger, 2). The love they share brings out the picture of romance although she is a married woman (Chekhov, Anton Koteliansky, 1). Therefore, the main theme that is portrayed in this short story is love and romance between two strangers who met on vacation but fell in love with each other (Bates, 2). The story does not give an elaborate representation of the intensity of experience of the two people that are involved in love (Chekhov, Anton, Constance Garnett, 2). This is because short stories stick to one particular incident and the main theme is maintained throughout the story leaving no room for expansion into other themes that may relate to the theme of the story. In this case, it is notable that a poem and a short story both maintain one theme to the end unlike a novel which may contain more than one theme when it comes to the representation of the intensity of experience in a story. When the four selected stories above are given a consideration, it can be noted that all the four stories have a particular theme that is portrayed throughout the story. There is no deviation from the main theme and the flow of the story is built on that one particular theme to the end. This application of one theme throughout a particular short story is the similar feature that is applied in the writing of poems. The theme that has been selected for a poem is the same from the start to the end of the poem and there is no deviation. This does not mean that the theme has been expounded on completely, therefore, the representation of the intensity of experience that is portrayed in short stories and poems is quite minimal as compared to the representation in a novel which is wider and expanded. In addition, the length of the four selected stories that have been revisited above is quite less although not as the length of poems. This means that a greater representation of the intensity of experience is denied in both short stories and poems while this same representation is greater in novels since novels have a greater length. In addition, the number of characters that have been used in the four stories that have been revisited is quite small, an aspect that is quite similar to a poem. This means that the representation of the intensity of experience is minimal in a short story and a poem as compared to a representation in a novel. This is due to the reason that in a novel, a wide number of characters can be used to give a better and greater representation of the intensity of experience as compared to the short stories and poems where the number of characters is limited and small. When the four stories are considered and compared to a poem, they are similar in representation of the intensity of experience due to the reason that some of them have an abrupt ending which is not very elaborate just like in a poem. Novels would have a better representation of the intensity of experience when compared to short stories and poems since novels have a clear, elaborate and systematic endings. Therefore, with regard to the above discussion, using the four stories, on the issue of representation of the intensity of experience in short stories and poems as compared to novels, it is agreeable to say that short stories are more like poems than novels when it comes to the representation of the intensity of experience. This simply means that novels have a better representation of the intensity of experience more than the short stories and poems which have quite a lot of characteristics in common, that inhibit them from giving a greater representation. Conclusion Poems, novella, short stories and novels share some features in common since they are all genres of literature. In many instances they vary from one another depending on the issues such culture and also the author will affect the way a poem, novella, short story or a novel will be written. Authors make the decision and choice on how they want their work to appear to their intended audience and the kind of message they want to relay to the audience. Therefore, literature still has a lot of opportunities for expansion in terms of poem writing, short story writing and even novel writing since there is still a wide range of themes that have not been explored by human beings. Finally, it is advisable for one to read extensively and make discoveries relating to literature since each new day brings new developments in literature. References Bates, Evan. Best-loved Short Stories. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 2004. Print. Callison, Helen V. Hunters in the Snow (Book). Studies In Short Fiction 16.4 (1979): 363. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. Chekhov, Anton P, and Constance Garnett. The Lady with the Dog: And Other Stories. Fairfield, IA: 1st world Library Liteary Society, 2005. Print.

Hobbes and Locke vs. Lord of the Flies †History Essay

Hobbes and Locke vs. Lord of the Flies – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Hobbes and Locke vs. Lord of the Flies History Essay Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two of the great political theorists of their time. John Locke thought people acted just as how people do in the Canadian society, and examples are shown in the movie Lord of the Flies. Thomas Hobbes believed that people were not guided by reason, but instead were guided by our inherent ancient, animalistic instincts. Hobbes thought that moral concepts such as the ideas of good and evil did not exist in the state of nature, and that man could use any force necessary in order to protect his life and goods around him. Locke is more politically correct, because people do act on their morals and most people do not harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. Hobbes outlook on a society was very bleak and lifeless, which is more of what portrayed when you watch the movie, especially when the two groups of boys separate and go against the other. Even with that thought, John Locke is more accurate about people in many of today’s societies, such as when it comes to natural rights, human nature, and government. When people are young, the society and people around them choose who they become, because they are the person’s main influence and they grow up following what they seen those people do. In Locke’s view of the state of nature, he states that while there were no civil societies yet formed, people were able to live in peace and all people were equal. He thought that the state of nature involved people living together and using reason to govern their lives, which does happen regularly nowadays. Individuals also know instinctually, that two wrongs do not make a right, but this does not apply to Lord of the Flies. Similar to the movie, Jack got the people to want a better government and many of them gave their independence to him, but nothing stays good long. Near the end of the movie, when Jack and his group go against the others, they are more following Hobbes beliefs, because they are just trying to make sure they stay alive at any cost. Jack is not necessarily doing his best though to try to keep himself alive, because he just cares about catching the pig for food. Everyone who is born into a humane society is born with natural rights that are life, liberty, and property. In most cases, the people are who chooses the government that is in control of making these rights accessible, but sometimes a leader is not fair. John Locke believed that the best form of government would be one ran by the majority of people with common views. This meant if you became part of the government, you should follow the will of the majority of people and the rules set forth. Jack is not a very good leader, because he takes away the citizen’s right if they do not agree to give their independence to him. Jack wants to be in charge of both groups, but if people chose not to be in his group, he will take their right to property and life. Citizens have the natural right to rebel against their government, which is what Piggy’s group did. Simon starts imaging that the Pig’s head is threatening him, which foreshadows his death in the end. Near t he end of the movie, all of the boys start beating at Simon, even Ralph and Piggy; while calling him the beast. The most important thing to protect your rights is choosing the government you think will best do that. When Ralph says not enough work is being done, Jack decides to take over and many of the boys follow, because Jack says Ralph cannot hunt. Also the government should respect what is right for it’s society, which is not exactly what Jack seems to do. He asks the citizens of his tribe, if they think Ralph should not be chief and when no one disagrees, he runs off upset. Later in the movie, Ralph tries to persuade the other boys to follow him and keep the fire alive, but most of the boys are already overcome by Jacks leadership. Locke believes in many types of governments such as Democracy which is the type of government North America has. Unlike John Locke, Hobbes favoured one single person to be the lawmaker, or thought it should be an absolute monarch, which is how it was in Lord of the Flies. An astonishing fact in this movie is that, Ralph is similar to Locke and Jack is closely comparable to Thomas Hobbes. Jack was greedy in his attempt to become the highest leader and did not benefit the boys’ societies, but he is a great example of Hobbes beliefs. Thomas Hobbes believed you should do anything you can to keep yourself safe, even if you have to go against people that could have benefited you. John Locke was much more civilized and believed the best way to progress, was to work as a efficient team. Locke’s ideas were better, because it is more beneficial to learn to fish then to get a fish for a day. Natural rights, human nature, and government are all major things that need to be concentrated on in a society, and John Locke has the best understanding of how these areas work. Research Papers on Hobbes and Locke vs. Lord of the Flies - History EssayHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

British class and gender formation during the nineteenth century Essay

British class and gender formation during the nineteenth century - Essay Example With this underlying premise, it can be argued that the economic conditions during that time due to the Industrial revolution perpetrated the spread of a unique kind of class and gender consciousness. However, it must be noted that this in no way undermines the role and importance of other factors. This argument does not state that the only factor responsible for the changing class and gender consciousness in 19th century England is purely economic in nature. Rather, the economic condition during that period is the most important determinant in class and gender consciousness due to it being inescapable; and because it is inescapable, it became the ground from where the cultural approach—which basically states that English ideologies and rhetoric are more significant in the construction of class and gender identities—sprouted. What the economic condition did was that it aggravated other factors, such as language and rhetoric, and this prompted the â€Å"making of the En glish working class,†1 as well as the â€Å"sexual crisis.†2 This paper will show, through notable writings that aim to explain the Industrial Revolution and the resulting class and gender consciousness through the cultural approach, how the economic factors surrounding these explanations cannot be avoided. These are the evidences that this argument will use in proving the premise that the economic situation at that time is the most important factor as it is both ubiquitous and inescapable. Athough these readings use the cultural approach, they still could not help but highlight the underlying reason for these experiences and rhetoric—and that is, the economic condition of that time, whether in the provinces or cities, became the set that staged the changes in familial and societal relationships. In order to better understand the economic conditions of 19th century England, the Industrial Revolution must be discussed

McDonalds Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

McDonalds - Case Study Example Beefs are not allowed in India for the Hindus. Indonesian prefer to eat more rice and rice based foods. America is the heartland for McDonald's with 50% of global sales. Europe has one third of global sale and is catching up fast, with 39% of global earnings. McDonald's has a presence in 40 European countries though 65% of European earnings come from the Big Three France, Germany and Britain. France is first by profits, with Germany second and Britain third. Russia is the market with the strongest growth with only about 200 McDonald's outlets. It is the group's most profitable market worldwide in operating income per restaurant. Global consumption for burgers and fries made sales at McDonald's soar high in 2007. The company had 2007 sales up 9% year-on-year to $22.8bn($20.5 billion in 2005). Revenue in 2005, $5bn and net profit$2.26bn in 2005. Operating income fell 12% to $3.9b.Europe in 2007 over 2006 result, with sales up 7.5% year-on-year, contributed operating income of $2.13bn. There was disappointment over the fall of sale and operating income of the company resulting in drop in share price of McDonald's. McDonald has three major problems in Europe from where it gets its one third of its revenue. The beef crisis, which was supposed to create brain damage and foot and mouth disease, haunted the company's food business badly. This caused the reduction in consumption of McDonald's food by 60% in Germany and also in other European countries. This problem is now subsiding. This is a big problem because it concerns with health of human being, which is very sensitive matter. Weakening euro that hampered the sale of US products in terms of dollar causes the second problem. Weak euro reduced the dollar value of company sale in Europe. This is an economic problem a multinational company with thousands of outlets abroad will often face this problem because cross currency fluctuations. Third important problem mentioned later in this paper also is about the unhealth food by fast centres in general and by McDonald's in particular. The oily and fatty food damaged health but youths run after it. There is campaign all over the world against fast foods to distract students from them. Even Pricne Charls had riaed voice against it.The solution is recommende later in this paper. Supply strategy The company adopted the common strategy of opening more and more outlets in a country or in a city to increase its turnover. This made the supply side stronger to meet the growing demand of McDonald's food. The company also allowed the local outlet to change in the ingredients in the product to suit the local taste and menus. The company did not prefer the strategy to squeeze more out of the existing outlets but recently it has given green signal to bring changes to suit the local tastes. This strategy will increase the sales per restaurants and make the outlet organically stronger. Certain strategic changes in some restaurants with new interiors and new welcome logos of McDonald were made to attract new customers who look for changes. New McCafes' coffee shop chain has been started for serving the coffee lovers with special

Online Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Assignment 5 - Essay Example This implies that apart from a professional relationship, a personal relationship develops. 2a. The issue of ethics arises in dual relationship but at times the dual relationship may occur out of sheer coincidence. This is circumstantial multiple role played by the professional and this arises out of misinterpretation. In small rural communities the psychologists often have a holistic view of the clients and this often leads to overlapping of social and business relationship that affects the psychologists’ family (Friedman, 2000). Dual relationship can occur when they are integral to the profession. An individual has to play structured multiple professional roles and is prevalent in counselor education and supervision. The supervisor can hold multiple roles as a mentor or advisor. This implies that the nature of both the roles is professional. In such a situation there is no conflict of interest and the relationship is seen upon as complimentary. However, when dual relationships become necessary, the professional must be conscious of the possible harm it could cause. One role can create conflict in this relationship. In their role as evaluators or in providing therapy service to the students, problems could arise due to shift in professional relationships. This could happen when the supervisor counseling a student develops a personal relationship that could be sexual or romantic in nature. In such a situation there are chances that the professional could exploit the student or the client. A professor (female) during the course of discussion with a female student stated that she missed having a man in her life as she had been widowed some years ago (Gottlieb, 1993). The student called up the professor a week later and offered to introduce her to a man who could be interesting. The professor instantly agreed but upon consultation with another colleague the next day, declined to meet the man. 2b. Circumstantial multiple role, present

Globalisation Today Throughout The Modern World English Language Essay

Globalisation Today Throughout The Modern World English Language Essay Globalisation means the extending the relationship and broadening interdependence amongst different people from different parts of the world (Daniels et.al, 2007: 6). In todays world the process of globalization has developed to such an extent, that it is argued that there are few companies that operate solely in their domestic market (Kotabe and Helsen, 2008:20). To support the above statement According to Whettingsteel (1999:19) has estimated that 70% of UK companies have business partners outside the domestic market. Apart from that do not actively sell abroad, still face foreign competitors in their own domestic markets. Whereas many domestic oriented companies get there raw materials, components, or labour from abroad (Worthington and Britton, 2006: 368). Further on In business operation management, Manager has to manage conflicts within the organisation but these conflicts are heightened in the management of international operations due to the different national culture of work force. Manager as well as marketer requires the understanding of the consequences or effects of cultural differences of language, religion, value, system, customs, and education in the cross cultural organisation while working or marketing a product. And cultural factors are least tangible but in some ways the most important of the factor which should be taken into account while doing international business (Forrester). According to Czinkota et.al (1996: 298) defines Culture, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is an integrated system of learned behaviour pattern that are characteristic of the member of any given society. Whereas it include certain elements such as language, religion, value, attitude, manner and customs, aesthetics, education and social institutions. According to Lee and Carter (2005: 424) agrees and says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ trust, commitment and communication are a required pre-requisites for the development and maintenance of good rela tionship. Where communication is majorly an indicative of spoken language which is established factors in cross cultural business interaction where language is considered as important key element or factor because other factors such as trust, commitment, cultural affinity, experience etc are accessed through the use of language. According to Swift à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦culture is the door to a market and language is the key to that door. The above statement is supported by Holden (1989: 9-10), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Whereas marketers have accepted that language is a facet of culture, they come to find it more productive to see culture as a facet of language. Whereas according to Worlds foremost linguists and literacy scholar George Steiner (1975), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the application of the concept of exact science to the study of language is an idealized simile (Holden, 2002: 230). And language provides a bonding to whole process of relationship development of business (Swift, 2000). Due to which it can be said that Foreign language competence is a major component of successful cross-cultural relationship development through which companies are looking for development of international relationship (Swift, 2008: 3). High level foreign language competences can advantage an likely to build up in terms of acquiring a better understanding of foreign business culture which may confer some benefit in selling and negotiation (Clarke, 1997:80). Whereas international business literature on one hand and linguistic literature on the other appears to say very little on the importance of particular language in relation to the international activities of firms and the economic, political, and technological power associated with individual languages (Nigel 1989: 1). Language also has a vital role in process for communicaton. The process of Communication: Model of communication process comes in many forms such as verbal, non-verbal and mathematical. On the other hand regardless of other models forms it share three basic element such as sender, message and receiver (Delozier, 1976: 2). Where sources (Sender) is a person or group of people having a thought to share with some other person or group. For e.g. group of people who are viewed as singular sender or receivers are the United States governments, the internal revenue service. After that Encoding, this is process of putting through into symbolic form which is controlled by sender for e.g. printed or spoken words such as in marketing, a magazine advertisement and television commercials. The next element is channel; it is a way in which messages moves from sender to receiver such as media, Television etc. According to Lasswell (1971: 84), is also known as media analysis. After Channel, Decoding is a next element which is Vice versa of encoding where receiver has to send the transform ing message symbol back into thought. And at last the receiver where person or group with whom the sender share his thoughts for e.g. In marketing, the receives are known as the prospective and present consumers of the firms product (Delozier, 1976: 3). Sources: model of communication process But in the above process of communication the key element of effective communication is encoding and decoding which is very important to understand (Swift, 2008). Because sometimes if the message is not decoded or translate properly to a receiver or if receiver unable to understand the language of the sender then It is not of any use. For e.g. Rural areas in India where any company advertising their produce in English language and most of the rural population is not able to decode it properly then there is a no use of such advertising. Company would directly incur a loss. According to Miller (1963: 7) says that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..if the people communicating are unfamiliar with the code or if they are unable to distinguish amongst the symbols, errors become likely. Sometimes within the same language the same thing can occur such as technical and professional jargon, where language is understood by people working in the industry but appearing meaningless to an outsider, even if the outsider is speaking the same language. So it is clear that encoding and decoding process must work within same culture context or frame work (Swift, 2008). So In the process of communication language plays a vital role in market which includes Verbal communication as well as Non Verbal communication. Where verbal language is divided into written or spoken language in four main areas such as: Syntax (rules of sentence formation), semantics (System of meaning), phonology (systems of sound patterns) and word morphology (word formation) (Keegan and Green, 2005: 126). And Non Verbal communication is an oldest method of communication where no oral or written language and body language was the sole means of communication (Bolton, 1979:78). It includes Kinesics (gestures, touching, liking, conviction, emotions etc) and Proxemics (personal space and territory) (Swift, 2008: 45). It is communication process plays a vital role in marketing such as while informing, pe rsuading and negotiation. According to Clarke and Wilson (2009), says that language is considered as an important tool for marketer on the bases of three different factors which are explained in detail as follow: Informing: For a Marketer it is important to keep in mind while informing about the product in particular country should use a local language or translate. There is an good example based on informing and selling of product said by Germany, s ex- chancellor, Willy Brandt: When I come to sell to you in England, then I will speak in English but when you come to sell to me in Germany then you must speak German (Weber, 1989: 159). An example of information provided on the bases of language such as marketing done in India where information are provided in form of verbal language and non verbal language of communication such as a TATA product i.e. Tata sky DTH and Airtel product i.e. dish TV. In their following advertisement such as In Tata sky DTH advertisement are based on the informing about the product in technical ways by using the brand ambassador of Bollywood actor Aamir Khan who is known as a perfectionist in the entire bollywood industry. His advertisement is based on verbal communication wer e the words spoken from an actor indicating directly about the product. The punch line is Isko laga dala toh life Jhinga la la where as Airtel product i.e. Dish TV advertisement are based on emotional factors while informing the people about the product by using emotional guesters such as old couple love story. Their brand ambassador Shahrukh Khan who is known as the King of Emotional Drama in entire industry of enterainment. Where in his advertisement the emotional factor, body language, guesters etc were use to indicate about the product to people. And the punch line of Dish TV is ghar aayi zindagi which means it bought new life to your house it indicates emotions. So as he know India has an High context Culture factor where the emotional part such as gestures compare to Low context culture for countries such as America where clear communication modes (Kotabe and Helsen, 2007: 127).But sometimes while informing about the product the marketer need to keep in mind about the use of p roper language such as In United Kingdom the snickers bars were sold under the brand name of Marathon because they felt the name was too close to the English idiom for female Lingerie (Knickers) (Kotabe and Helsen, 2007:115). Whereas in Middle East countries, are male dominated countries where if any gestures used while informing about the product should be respectful because mixing men and women in focus group is prohibited in Saudi Arabia and if the advertisement are related to women they should be shown with total respect on television cameras . Where in China, marketer should keep in mind while informing about product to the people such Book which pronounced as Shu which sounds as I hope you loose and the word Clock pronounced as Zhong which sounds as death. Persuasion: According to Austin, Persuasion is the communication act that carries out both these goals such as an audience that has been persuaded has understood an expression or utterance and other one believes its message (Tailard, 2000:145). Persuading someone is like performing an act (roughly that of affecting someones belief or desires) using some form of communication usually language (Tailard, 2000: 146). And the word To persuade is typically given as one of the first example of Perlocutionary by speech act theorists for e.g. Locutionary act: which means saying something such as young woman holds up a bottle of Coca-Cola and shouts Coke is the real thing in front of Television camera. Illocutionary act: are performed in saying something such as a young woman is shouting Coke is a real thing where she asserted that a product called Coke is the real thing. Perlocutionary act: are performed by saying something such as a young woman shouting Coke is the real thing where she is persuaded millions of television viewers around the world that drinking coke is a worldwide experience (Austin, 1962:102). According to (ibid: 101) says that At the end the effect of Perlocutionary acts as major effect upon the feeling, thoughts, or act of the audience or of the people or of the speaker which is an comes under non-verbal communication. Where there should be proper use of language consider the market of particular country while advertising about the product. Negotiation: A process through which parties move from their initially divergent positions to a point where agreement may be reached (Steele and Beasor, 2007:3). Whereas According to Cellich et.al (2004: 25), the concept of negotiation is interpreted differently from one culture to another for e.g. In U.S. negotiation is a mechanical exercise of offers and counter offers that leads to a deal which is cut and dry method of arriving at an agreement whereas in Japan, negotiation is sharing information and developing a relationship that may lead to deal. Sometimes negotiation style used so effectively that domestically it can be inappropriate while dealing with people from other cultural background. Indeed it can be more harmful than gaining (Gulbro and Herbid, 1995: 4). In some countries such as Greek sees contract as a formal statement, announcing the intention to build a business for the future and the negotiation is completed on when work is accomplished. Where as In China, approach is rather to establish a negotiating process based on human relationship and often dependent on nature and concern of creating a bonding of friendship (Drew and Herbig, 1997: 20). According to Petcher (1992: 47) says that, there are four aspects of culture are especially important in negotiating well such as spoken language, body language, attitude towards time and attitude towards contracts. There is an example based on above statement which negotiation between American and Japanese , where the same spoken word can have three different meanings and direct refusal are considered as impolite. Sometimes words used by Japanese are does not have the same thing to an American or European such as words like difficult and it will take some time means no. and not even the body language is same such as in Japanese audibly sucking air through their teeth means they are feeling pressured and where as hearty handshake convey the sincerity in New York and London which make Asian Uncomfortable (Cellieh et.al, 2004: 12). According to Turnbull and Welham says that the ability of communicate with a buyer in his own language leads to a lowering of the psycho social barrier to interaction. Whereas a Psychological disadvantage to the buyer of having to negotiate in foreign language which can be barrier to an socialization. And native language use can reduce the feeling of isolation and encourage developing more positive attitude towards foreign negotiator (Swift, 1991:44). To support this above statement there is an example given by Swift (1991:44), where an export sales executive working in Spanish market where he experienced the psychological disadvantage. He explained I am aware that sometimes they (Spanish people or suppliers) revert to their own language just to get an idea and while negotiating in English they talk between themselves in their native language. Role of Foreign Language in market: For achieving the success in foreign market it is necessary to communicate effectively with foreign customers or business partners (Swift, 2008: 81). And also for an marketer its an importance thing to understand or to speak according to local language due to which people can understand the language of marketer For e.g. In India today also 72% of Indian population lives in rural areas (Haub and Sharma, 2006).where they are not able to understand business language but its necessary for an marketer to speak in local language or national language of India to promote or want to sell their product to customer. Its like a marketer has to Think locally and act globally. And also according to Swift (1991: 36), one should accept to speak in customers language to do well in international market. To support the statement of Swift there is an example such as British companies will still need to speak the language of consumers in the countries where they trade. (Hurn, 2009: 303). And there is one more example such as at time difficulties faced by foreigners while doing the business with Italy when they assume that italian business culture is similar to France or Germany. But there culture is greatly dependent on contract fo which knowledge of the language is so vital for an marketer (Swift, 1991:43). English is considered as international business language for communication in any part of the world (MacDonald and Cook, 1998: 216). And According to Britannica World Data Book, (1992) it is said that 69 countries designated English as an official language. whereas in many Multinational companies in Europe such as Nestle , Erickson etc have considered English as their common business language for their internal communication (Kameda, 2000: 204) and also there is an example of internal communication where it was considered strictly by company called Asea Brown Boveri Group an Swiss multinational company where they made English as an official language for high level meeting, send letters to colleagues who stays in Sweden written in English said by CEO and Chairman Mr. Barnevic ( Taylor, 1991: 92). Apart from English, Other language should also be given importance in foreign market while entering into a business with particular country because According to European Commission (2005) say s that, Language Skills will be important in achieving European policy goals, particularly against a background of increasing global competition. Due to which some companies are making their staff to learn different types of languages which is most commonly used in market. There is an e.g. (ELAN) where Top 10 languages in which firms are training in their staff from last three year. There is a diagram which indicates that how much other language is given importance (ELAN report, 2006:1-2). From the above pie Chart indicate the top 10 languages in which firms have trained there staff in last 3 years. Where English (25%) have been an major Language which id followed by Germany, French, Italian, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, Portuguese, Danish, Estonia and other Language (ELAN Report, 2006). There is an example why companies are giving importance to other language as well such an Irish Exporter where two-third (62.5%) of Irish export are sold to customers whos native language is not English and it important that ability to communicate effectively in language other English should be a concern to Irish companies (Clarke, 1997:82). Language barrier: Holder (1989: 3), suggested that lack of understanding of the social and cognitive dimensions of language can be as important as the inability to understand the formal linguistic system.

Employee Theft in the Restaurant Industry Essay -- essays research pap

Employee Theft in the Restaurant Industry It has been estimated that about $52 billion a year is lost due to employee theft and that approximately 95% of all businesses experience employee theft. Employee theft amounts to 4 percent of food sales at a cost in excess of $8.5 billion annually, according to the National Restaurant Association (Neighbors 2004.) The small Business Administration indicates that 60 percent of business failures are a result of employee theft. There are several reasons why the restaurant industry is extremely susceptible to employee theft. They are: †¢ High employee turnover †¢ Easy access to cash †¢ Food and Liquor are highly desirable items There are many different way in which restaurant employees steal from their employers, some of the ways are: 1) Under-ringing of sales and the tearing up order tickets are two longtime scams in the food and beverage industry. An employee serves a customer in the restaurant, and the customer pays the check at the meal's end, but instead of putting the money and ticket in the register, the employee tears up the order ticket and pockets the cash. The restaurant owner has no record of that order or money tendered. Or an employee sold something for $17.50," and rang in $7.50 The employee put the $17.50 in the register and at the end of the night, would pocket the extra $10.00. Since the cash in the register drawer would match the transactions listed on the register tape, the theft would not be known. ... Employee Theft in the Restaurant Industry Essay -- essays research pap Employee Theft in the Restaurant Industry It has been estimated that about $52 billion a year is lost due to employee theft and that approximately 95% of all businesses experience employee theft. Employee theft amounts to 4 percent of food sales at a cost in excess of $8.5 billion annually, according to the National Restaurant Association (Neighbors 2004.) The small Business Administration indicates that 60 percent of business failures are a result of employee theft. There are several reasons why the restaurant industry is extremely susceptible to employee theft. They are: †¢ High employee turnover †¢ Easy access to cash †¢ Food and Liquor are highly desirable items There are many different way in which restaurant employees steal from their employers, some of the ways are: 1) Under-ringing of sales and the tearing up order tickets are two longtime scams in the food and beverage industry. An employee serves a customer in the restaurant, and the customer pays the check at the meal's end, but instead of putting the money and ticket in the register, the employee tears up the order ticket and pockets the cash. The restaurant owner has no record of that order or money tendered. Or an employee sold something for $17.50," and rang in $7.50 The employee put the $17.50 in the register and at the end of the night, would pocket the extra $10.00. Since the cash in the register drawer would match the transactions listed on the register tape, the theft would not be known. ...